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- Chromosome Probes at the University of Toronto
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- Uploaded: November 29, 1986.
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- Sensitive chromosome probes recently discovered by a
- University of Toronto geneticist will make it easier
- to detect certain types of genetic and prenatal
- diseases, as well as being used to determine paternity
- and provide forensic evidence in criminal cases.
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- Probes are short pieces of DNA which bind to, and
- actually pinpoint, particular sites on a chromosome.
- Because these new probes are actually repeated hundreds
- or thousands of time at a particular site, they are
- much more sensitive than previously available ones.
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- Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, Dr. F.H. Willard
- has discovered repeated probes or markers for six plus
- the gender determining X and Y chromosomes. "What
- we're trying to decide now is whether to isolate probes
- for the other chromosomes, or whether we should
- utilize the eight we have," he says.
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- Dr. Willard is currently negotiating with an American
- company to develop prenatal diagnostic tests, which,
- because the current tests are time consuming and
- technically difficult to do, are restricted to women
- over 35 and those who have a family history of
- chromosomal abnormalities. Prenatal tests using
- Willard's probes would be much simpler and faster to
- perform and could be available to all pregnant women
- who wish to take advantage of the technology.
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- Current prenatal testing involves growing fetal cells
- in vitro and examining them, over one or two months, to
- see if there are two copies of a particular chromosome,
- which is normal, or one or three, which is abnormal. A
- test using Willard's probes would require only a few
- cells and a few days to detect abnormalities. "I don't
- think it's beyond the realm of possibility that these
- kinds of tests could eventually be done by an
- obstetrician in the office during the early stages of
- pregnancy," he adds.
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- The determination of gender is another possible use for
- the probes. Many diseases, such as Duschene's muscular
- dystrophy, show up on the X chromosome, manifesting
- only in boys. Willard thinks it is possible to develop
- a test which would quickly indicate the fetus' sex.
- This would benefit parents whose only option is to have
- no children or to have only girls.
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- Confirming gender in children with ambiguous genitalia
- is another medical reason for using the test. A quick
- examination of the X and Y chromosomes of the child
- would indicate whether genetically the child is male or
- female.
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- As yet, Willard has been unable to develop a probe for
- chromosome 21. Down's Syndrome results from three
- copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). "I think we'll
- know within a year whether a test to detect trisomy 21
- is feasible, " he says hopefully.
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- The other six chromosome probes which Willard has
- developed do not immediately lend themselves to
- diagnostic tests, except for certain cancers, he says.
- "We have a probe for chromosome 7 and we know that
- trisomy 7 is a signal for certain types of cancer.
- Chromosome abnormalities of all kinds are a signpost
- of tumors." Theoretically, an oncologist could use a
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- chromosome probe test to examine tissue and obtain a
- reading for a specific cancer. " It wouldn't suggest a
- mode of therapy," he points out, "but would be a speedy
- test and would have prognostic implications for the
- kind of tumor discovered."
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- As a basic research tool, Willard's probes could be used
- to develop a genetic linkage map for human
- chromosomes. "It's important to know the location of
- genes in the human genome, particularly disease genes.
- The leading approach to try to sort out disease genes is
- to use genetic linkage. Because our sequences are at the
- centromere it would allow us to develop a map."
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- The third application for the probes is in forensic
- biology. Willard believes his markers are as unique to
- each each individual as are fingerprints. According to
- the geneticist, it will be possible to make a DNA
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- 'fingerprint' from blood or sperm, which could be used
- as evidence in rape or murder cases. "We haven't yet
- done the analysis which confirms that our probes are
- DNA fingerprints, but once we do, we will make them
- available for development into tests."
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- As research progresses in all these areas, Willard
- hopes to collaborate with other departments at the U of
- T to conduct clinical trials. His work is funded by the
- March of Dimes, the Hospital for Sick Children
- Foundation and the Medical Research Council.
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